This option allows for chemical oxidation of the targeted contaminant by injection over a period of 4 to 12 weeks. It will leave the aquifer with some impact from the by-products of chemical oxidation amendments (sodium and sulfates) and could be implemented if the Na and SAR ratios are acceptable for this site. Sodium persulfate and sodium hydroxide can be replaced by their potassium equivalents if necessary. Oxidation of contaminants using persulfate generates minimal gas and heat, and also has the lowest natural oxidant demand (NOD) of the proposed amendments. Combined with prolonged persistence, this property makes it an ideal solution for soil and groundwater treatment. This mixture of oxidant and activator also has minimal reactivity with underground carbon steel or concrete infrastructure due to its alkaline pH. For subsurface application, it is a true aqueous solution: the oxidant and activator can be premixed on the surface before being injected or mixed on site. This option is suitable for both saturated and unsaturated contaminated areas.

This treatment allows for typical chemical oxidation of 1 to 3 years, as it is a low-solubility oxidizer and activator. Persulfate releases minimal gas and also has the lowest natural oxidant demand (NOD) of the proposed amendments. Combined with its greater persistence, this makes it an ideal solution for low-permeability soils and bedrock, as well as fast-flowing groundwater. This mixture of oxidant and activator also has minimal reactivity with underground carbon steel or concrete infrastructure. Both materials can be incorporated into the soil in solid form and mixed with the excavation. Solubilization of the compound by groundwater flow would allow the contaminant to be treated in the treatment zone and possibly downstream.

The addition of cement, which serves as an activator, can improve the geotechnical characteristics of the soil in a process called ISCO-ISS. The cement provides compressive strength and helps activate the persulfate while reducing the dosage of hydrated lime.
Adding cement, which serves as an activator, can improve the geotechnical properties of the soil in a process known as ISCO-ISS. The cement allows for compressive strength and will help activate the persulfate while reducing the hydrated lime dosages.

The product is composed of 50% sodium persulfate and 50% Perm-Ox Ultra (calcium peroxide). The sodium persulfate component causes chemical oxidation of contaminants in the aqueous phase and in the soil—oxidation time 4–12 weeks. The Perm-Ox Ultra component lasts 9 to 18 months and promotes aerobic biodegradation. The product must be applied by direct injection or by mixing with the soil, as it is applied in the form of a solid suspension due to its calcium peroxide component. Chemical oxidation destroys or partially oxidizes the organic contaminant, which will facilitate its subsequent degradation by biological processes. The use of a calcium-based product with sodium persulfate will limit the amount of residual salt in the aquifer, as the two ions will bind together to form gypsum. Potassium persulfate may also be an option if the presence of sodium is a problem.

The long persistence and treatment potential make this product an excellent technology for fine geologies with contamination adsorbed on soils or for sites where groundwater continuously brings in new contaminants. This product is used when contamination is located in saturated conditions due to the presence of calcium peroxide in the formulation.

Klozur® One is a mixture of Klozur sodium persulfate (95% of the product’s mass) and carefully selected, fully soluble activating reagents (5% of the product’s mass) that can be injected in the form of aqueous solutions to treat highly contaminated source areas and plumes. Klozur One generates activated persulfate chemistry, reducing the handling and mixing of hazardous chemicals on site. This all-in-one product combines the oxidant and activator. The compounds in Klozur One are fully soluble, facilitating the distribution of this amendment into the target aquifer.

This, combined with the long persistence (4 to 12 weeks) of sodium persulfate, is ideal for treating groundwater and soil. The oxidant/activator mixture can be premixed on the surface before being injected as a complete aqueous liquid solution.

This option could be used if the contamination is in saturated or unsaturated conditions.

This option establishes oxidative conditions targeting organic contaminants for 1 to 3 weeks per injection round. The residual oxygen released by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide could promote the biological degradation of contaminants once the oxidation phase is complete. The by-products of hydrogen peroxide degradation are only water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, which will not add saline ions to the aquifer. The need to use a catalyst will depend on the natural oxidant demand (NOD) of the soil and groundwater; if the NOD is high, we do not recommend using a catalyst. Diluted hydrogen peroxide injection can be supplemented with surfactants, catalysts, or retardants based on the geochemical conditions of the aquifer to be remediated.

Testing the reactivity of soils and groundwater, as well as the sequencing and dilution rates of other amendments, is strongly recommended before deploying this technology in the field. Hydrogen peroxide can be used if contamination is located in either saturated or unsaturated conditions.

For this option, liquid nutrients will be injected into the saturated zone to establish an adequate C:N:P ratio relative to the organic contaminants present. Bioremediation processes can be carried out using aerobic or anaerobic pathways. The use of external bacterial strains will depend on the activity and nature of the indigenous competent organisms present that target the contaminants.

For bioaugmentation, we use bacterial strain concentrates manufactured and applied in Canada, complying with all known Canadian regulations. Some formulations contain micronutrients to aid in the growth and performance of the selected bacteria.

Terramend® aerobic bioremediation reagent is an advanced treatment technology for soils contaminated with recalcitrant organic compounds.
Since its first application in 1991, variants of this technology have been successfully used to treat hundreds of thousands of tons of soil, sediment, and other solid matrices. Terramend has treated soils containing a variety of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and chlorophenols (including pentachlorophenol) at numerous sites around the world.

Terramend technology offers several advantages:

• It can often be applied without excavation
• Implementation generates no odor or leachate
• Typically applied at a rate of 1 to 5% (soil mass), it does not cause soil swelling

The incorporation of bacterial preparations with Terramend can, if necessary, promote the rapid and sustainable establishment of optimal biological conditions for the biodegradation of contaminants. These products, manufactured in Canada, comply with all known Canadian regulatory registrations.

The purpose of mixing activated carbon and nutrients is to capture and destroy contamination leaving the contaminated area through coupled sorption and bioremediation processes.

CHEMCARB H is composed of powdered activated carbon (PAC) or colloidal activated carbon, offering a large specific surface area and high capacity for capturing dissolved contaminants.

The incorporation of a mixture of slow- and fast-release nutrients (based on phosphorus and nitrogen) with PAC or colloidal form allows the rapid and sustainable establishment of the appropriate biological conditions for sorption and destruction of contaminants through biodegradation processes.

The incorporation of a mixture of slow- and fast-release nutrients, based on phosphorus and nitrogen, with powdered activated carbon (PAC) or in colloidal form, allows for the rapid and sustainable establishment of biological conditions favorable to the sorption and destruction of contaminants through biodegradation.
The flexible dosing of nutrients with activated carbon (CHEMCARB H approach) allows for the targeting of a dosage that establishes the optimal carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus ratio in relation to the mass flow of contaminants passing through the amended zone.

For the bioaugmentation part, we use bacterial strain concentrates manufactured and applied in Canada that comply with all known Canadian approvals. Some formulations contain micronutrients to aid the growth and performance of the selected bacteria.

This is high-concentration colloidal activated carbon (CAC) (400 g/L), used to treat various pollutants, such as hydrocarbons and chlorinated compounds, present in sorbed or dissolved form.

This product can be combined with zero-valent iron, and/or nutrients, and/or selected strains of microorganisms to add a contaminant destruction pathway.

It can also be used with our patented mobility agent (IMCA), which allows the colloidal suspension to stabilize after a certain distance in the target area of the injection point. This prevents the colloidal activated carbon from reaching the monitoring wells located downstream hydraulically, which could affect the results of post-injection monitoring.

The use of surfactant agents improves the availability of contaminants for recovery via pumping and treatment systems. The surfactant agent thus assists desorption processes and reduces the surface tension of injected solutions, enabling better distribution of amendments in fine geologies and reaching trapped interstitial contamination.

It is important to ensure good hydraulic control before injecting a surfactant agent into the aquifer, as improper control could mobilize contamination outside the target treatment zone.

The use of a surfactant added during pre-injection, together with an oxidant/activator mixture, can improve the availability of contaminants for destruction in the aqueous phase.

The surfactant facilitates the desorption process and reduces the surface tension of the injection solution, allowing for better distribution of the amendments in fine geologies. The surfactants used are compatible with the selected oxidants and do not cause any loss of active ingredients while accelerating the destruction of poorly soluble contaminants adsorbed in the soil.

The surfactants used are ultimately biodegradable.

1. PermeOX Ultra contains modified calcium peroxide (CaO2) with an oxygen content of around 16 to 18% w/w. Its release profile is estimated to be between 9 and 18 months, depending on the specific geological and hydrogeological conditions of the site. When solubilized, the product may increase the pH to values between 11 and 13. This could be detrimental to bacterial growth if the dilution effect of groundwater or the buffering capacity of the soil is not sufficient to lower the pH. It is possible to mix the product with zeolites or nutrients prior to injection in order to minimize the impact of high pH.
2. Food-grade calcium peroxide (FG) contains only calcium peroxide (CaO₂), with an oxygen content of between 16% and 18% w/w. Its release profile is estimated to be between 9 and 18 months, depending on specific site conditions. The product contains no zeolites or nutrients. When dissolved, it can increase the pH of groundwater to values between 11 and 13.